Even Young Children can Experience PTSD

When you think of PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder), soldiers
returning from combat may come to mind. 
But years of research suggest many others experience PTSD, too, even
young children, though their symptoms may differ from those of older children, adolescents and
adults.

PTSD
in adults and children can occur after exposure to a traumatic event — living
through one, witnessing one in person, or learning about a traumatic event that
involved a family member. A traumatic event can include a violent experience in
the home or community, a fire, a natural disaster, a car accident, or the sudden
death of a family member. The younger a child is, the greater the impact. The loss
of a parent or being removed from a parent, for example, feels like a threat to
a child, according to child psychiatrist Judith Cohen, M.D., medical director
of the Center for Traumatic Stress in Children & Adolescents at Allegheny General Hospital in
Pittsburgh.

Many
children experience trauma — an estimated 14 to 43 percent, according to the
National Center for PTSD. Of those, as many as 15 percent of girls and 6
percent of boys develop PTSD. Children with PTSD may experience distressful thoughts, ­and memories of the trauma may occur without warning. They may also have trouble
sleeping and nightmares (though they may not seem clearly tied to the event). Traumatized
children may try to avoid people or objects that are reminders of the event and
they may act more irritable, have angry outbursts, or be easily startled.
They may regress, wet the bed or talk baby-talk, and they may experience physical symptoms,
such as headaches and stomachaches. The symptoms can cause major distress and
can impact how a child behaves or relates to family members.

To help a child heal from PTSD, treatment involves working with
the child and parents and caregivers, creating a feeling of safety, helping the
child to understand the condition, and encouraging the youngster to talk about his
or her feelings (through art and play), to help develop
relaxation and coping skills. Rehabilitation begins with building trust and it needs
to be fun and engaging for young children, according to Dr. Cohen. Several different types of treatment are
available for children with symptoms of PTSD and early intervention can be
important in helping little ones cope with and heal from the effects of trauma.

For more information on understanding and helping children of all
ages heal from traumatic events visit the National
Child Traumatic Stress Network.

By Debbie Cohen, health writer, APA

Giving Kids a "Sip" of Alcohol Can Send the Wrong Message About Drinking

That little sip of wine or beer that some parents offer
their kids at a wedding or on New Year’s Eve may muddle messages about alcohol,
according to a new study by researchers at the Center for Alcohol and Addiction
Studies at Brown University. The scientists surveyed middle school students for
three years to learn whether even a taste in early childhood was a predictor of
risky behavior in high school.

The Internet-based study, published in the April 1^st
issue of the Journal
of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, included more than 500 Rhode Island school
students. More than one-third of the kids surveyed reported trying their first
sip of alcohol by the sixth grade, and most said that their first taste took
place at home. Wine and beer were the most commonly tried beverages, usually at
a special occasion, such as a wedding or a holiday, and adults were the primary source of the alcohol. Nearly three-quarters
of the children were offered sips by their own mom or dad.

The study also showed that
kids who sipped alcohol by the sixth grade were five times more likely to down
a full alcoholic beverage by the time they reached 9^th grade—26% of
sippers consumed a full drink versus 5.5% of non-sippers. The earlier sippers
were also four times more likely to get drunk or binge drink by early high
school, and trying alcoholic beverages earlier in life also raised a child’s
risk for trying other substances.

Even when the researchers
controlled for other factors, such as risk-taking behavior, the drinking habits
of parents, and a history of alcoholism in a parent, kids who’d sipped before
sixth grade had higher odds of alcohol use by their freshman year of high
school.

The take-home message:
Offering a child a sip of your beverage may send the wrong message, says study
author Kristina Jackson, Ph.D., associate professor in the Department of
Behavioral and Social Sciences at Brown School of Public Health.

"Parents should provide
clear, consistent messages about the unacceptability of alcohol consumption for
youth,” Jackson advises. “Younger teens and tweens may be unable to understand
the difference between drinking a sip and drinking one or more drinks.
Certainly there are exceptions, such as religious occasions,
so the most important thing is to make sure that children know when drinking
alcohol is acceptable and when it is not.”

The context of alcohol use is important, says Oscar G. Bukstein, M.D., M.P.H., medical director at DePelchin
Children’s Center and a clinical professor of psychiatry at Baylor College of
Medicine and the University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, who was not
involved in the research. “Often, by allowing children to sip or try alcohol on
‘special occasions’, the message delivered may be one of ‘this is how we
celebrate’, we drink,” Buckstein says.

He says that sipping may be associated with increased access to
alcohol, too, or more lax parent attitudes and that undermines any anti-drinking
messages kids hear.

April 21^st is the national day to talk with your kids
about alcohol. Visit Mothers
Against Drunk Driving’s (MADD) Power of Parents
page to learn more.

by Mary Brophy Marcus, health writer, APA